英语语法速查：时态总表、五种句型、从句

Grammar

英语语法速记

🔑be 动词：am / is / are

I am（我是）· You/We/They are（你/我们/他们是）

He/She/It is（他/她/它是）

口诀：我 am，你/复数 are，单数他/她/它 is。

🏷️冠词 a / an / the

a + 辅音开头（a book）；an + 元音音开头（an apple, an hour）；the = 特指"这个/那个"。泛指单数可数名词前必须加 a/an。

➕名词复数

一般 +s：book→books

s/x/ch/sh 结尾 +es：box→boxes

辅音+y → 去y加ies：city→cities

不规则：man→men, child→children, foot→feet

👤人称代词

主格(谁)	宾格(被…)	物主(…的)
I 我	me	my
you 你	you	your
he/she/it	him/her/it	his/her/its
we 我们	us	our
they 他们	them	their

⏳三大基本时态

现在：I work. / He works.（习惯、事实）

过去：I worked.（规则+ed；不规则 go→went, see→saw）

将来：I will work. / I'm going to work.

现在进行：I am working.（正在做）

⚡英语五种基本句型

① 主+谓(SV)：I run.（我跑）

② 主+谓+宾(SVO)：I eat an apple.（我吃苹果）

③ 主+系+表(SVP)：She is happy.（她很开心）

④ 主+谓+双宾(SVOO)：I give him a book.（给他一本书）

⑤ 主+谓+宾+补(SVOC)：We make him happy.（让他开心）

状语顺序：地点在前、时间在后(go to school every day)；频率副词(often/never)实义动词前、be 后。

🔗主系表：系动词 + 表语

主语 + 系动词 + 表语（形容词/名词）

be 动词：He is a teacher. · They are tired.

感官系动词 + 形容词：look(看起来)/feel(感觉)/sound(听起来)/taste(尝)/smell(闻) → It looks good. · I feel cold.

变化系动词：become/get/turn(变得) → He became rich. · It's getting dark.

⚠️ 系动词后跟形容词，不是副词：It looks good(✓) 不是 looks well。

❓疑问句：助动词/be 提到句首

一般疑问：Do you like tea? · Does he work? · Are you OK?

特殊疑问：疑问词 + 助动词 + 主语 → What do you want? · Where is the toilet?

情态动词直接提前：Can you help me? · Will you come?

🚫否定句：加 not / don't

实义动词：用 don't / doesn't + 原形 → I don't know. · He doesn't like it.

be 动词 / 情态：直接加 not → I'm not ready. · You can't go.

⚠️ 一个句子只否定一次：别说 don't have no…（双重否定）。

🔼比较级 / 最高级

短词 +er / +est：tall → taller → the tallest

长词 more / most：important → more important → the most important

不规则：good → better → best · bad → worse → worst

比较用 than：He is taller than me.

📍There be 句型："某处有某物"

There + be + 主语 + 地点/时间

There is a book on the desk.（桌上有本书）

There are two cats in the room.（房间里有两只猫）

就近一致：be 跟最近的那个名词单复数 → There is a pen and two books.（紧跟 a pen → is）

否定：There isn't / aren't… · 疑问：Is/Are there…? → Yes, there is.

⚠️ There 在这里不表"那里"，只是引出"有"；真正的主语在 be 后面。

📦常用句型 It / I'd like

It is + 形容词 → 天气/时间/感受 (It is cold. / It is 3 o'clock.)

I'd like + 名词 → 我想要…… · I want to + 动词 → 我想做……

🧱句子成分

主语谁	谓语做什么	宾语承受者
表语系动词后	定语修饰名词	状语修饰动词/句
补语补充说明	同位语等同解释

🛡️情态动词（后接动词原形）

can 能/会 · could 能(过去/委婉) · may 可以/可能 · might 也许

must 必须 · should 应该 · will/would 将/愿意 · have to 不得不

特点：不随人称变(无 -s)、后跟动词原形、否定直接加 not(can't/shouldn't)。

🔄被动语态：be + 过去分词

主动 They make cars. → 被动 Cars are made (by them).（强调承受者）

各时态变 be：is done(现在) · was done(过去) · will be done(将来) · has been done(完成)

动词永远用过去分词，时态体现在 be 上。

🌱非谓语动词

to do 不定式 → 目的/将来：I want to go.（想去）

doing 动名词 → 当名词,作主语/宾语：I like swimming.（喜欢游泳）

doing 现在分词 → 主动/正在：a running dog（在跑的狗）

done 过去分词 → 被动/完成：a broken cup（被打碎的杯子）

🔗三大从句

名词性从句(that/what/whether)作主/宾/表：I know that he is right.

定语从句(who/which/that)修饰名词：The man who helped me is kind.

状语从句(when/because/if/although)修饰全句：When it rains, I stay home.

🔤26 个字母

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

5 个元音字母：A E I O U，其余为辅音字母（读音见「英语发音」）。

🏷️10 种词性

名词 n. 人/物	动词 v. 动作	形容词 adj. 描述
副词 adv. 修饰	代词 pron. 替代	介词 prep. 关系
冠词 art. a/the	连词 conj. 连接	数词 num. 数量
感叹词 int. 语气

❓21 个疑问词

为什么 why	什么 what	哪里 where
谁 who	谁的 whose	哪个 which
什么时候 when	怎样 how	几点 what time
多少(可数) how many	多少钱 how much	多大年龄 how old
多高 how tall	多大 how big	多长/多久 how long
多频繁 how often	多远 how far	多重 how heavy
多快(多久后) how soon	什么颜色 what colour	星期几 what day

⏳16 大时态总表（do=做）

时间＼体	一般	进行	完成	完成进行
现在	do/does	am/is/are doing	have/has done	have been doing
过去	did	was/were doing	had done	had been doing
将来	will do	will be doing	will have done	will have been doing
过去将来	would do	would be doing	would have done	would have been doing

入门先掌握左上角 4 个：一般现在 / 一般过去 / 一般将来 / 现在进行，覆盖日常 90%。

✂️常用缩略词

I am → I'm	you are → you're	it is → it's
that is → that's	what is → what's	who is → who's
where is → where's	there is → there's	she is → she's
is not → isn't	are not → aren't	was not → wasn't
do not → don't	does not → doesn't	did not → didn't
can not → can't	will not → won't	we will → we'll